The Science Behind Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Unveiling the Principles and Impact of ABA

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) stands as a cornerstone in behavioral science, offering a rigorous, evidence-based approach to understanding and modifying human behaviors. Rooted in the laws of learning and influenced by key scientific pioneers, ABA has revolutionized treatment and intervention strategies, particularly for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This article explores the scientific principles, methodologies, historical evolution, and practical applications that underpin ABA, highlighting its role as an effective and scientifically validated discipline.

Foundations and Scientific Roots of ABA

What are the origins of behavior analysis in the early 20th century?

The roots of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) trace back to the early 20th century, when scientific interest in understanding human and animal behavior gained momentum. The foundational ideas emerged from behaviorism, a psychological perspective centered on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states. This movement championed the scientific study of behavior through empirical methods, focusing explicitly on how environmental factors influence actions. Early experimental work laid the groundwork for later applications, emphasizing that behavior is subject to manipulation through environmental variables.

Who are the three main scientists who laid the foundation for applied behavior analysis (ABA)?

Several pioneering figures contributed to the development of ABA as a distinct scientific discipline. Sidney W. Bijou was instrumental in transforming behavior analysis into an applied science focused on children's learning and development. He mentored influential innovators such as Donald Baer, Mont Wolf, and Todd Risley, who together formalized the core principles of ABA. In 1968, Baer, Wolf, and Risley published a seminal paper that outlined the essential dimensions of ABA, establishing its scientific and practical framework. Apart from these figures, B.F. Skinner was crucial in developing the theoretical and experimental basis of behavior analysis through his pioneering operant conditioning research. Collectively, these scientists' work created the foundation for ABA's methods, principles, and widespread application.

What is the theory behind ABA?

ABA is grounded in the scientific principles of learning theory, particularly operant conditioning. It views behavior as learned and influenced by environmental variables. The core theory posits that behaviors can be modified through systematic assessment, data collection, and evidence-based interventions. Techniques such as positive reinforcement, prompting, shaping, and fading are employed to promote desirable behaviors and diminish problematic ones.

The overarching goal of ABA is to increase behaviors that are beneficial for social participation and independence while decreasing those that interfere with learning and development. The theory emphasizes that behavior change is most effectively achieved by understanding the function or purpose behind behaviors, allowing interventions to be tailored to individual needs.

Furthermore, ABA adopts a scientific approach that relies on rigorous experimentation, continuous data analysis, and ongoing assessment. This approach ensures that interventions are evidence-based, adaptable, and effective for each individual. As a result, ABA provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how learning occurs and how behavior can be systematically shaped to improve quality of life.

In summary, the scientific roots of ABA lie in behaviorism, with its emphasis on observable phenomena, experimental rigor, and environmental influences. The discipline combines these principles with practical strategies to produce meaningful and lasting behavior change.

Methodologies and Techniques in ABA

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) uses a variety of proven techniques to teach new skills and modify behaviors. Reinforcement strategies are fundamental, with positive reinforcement providing rewards to encourage desired behaviors, and negative reinforcement involving the removal of aversive stimuli to do the same.

Structured methods like Discrete Trial Training (DTT) are highly systematic, breaking learning into small, manageable steps and delivering clear cues, prompts, responses, and consequences. This approach allows for focused teaching of specific skills.

Naturalistic strategies such as natural environment teaching and incidental teaching promote learning within everyday settings. These methods leverage natural opportunities, child interests, and spontaneous interactions to facilitate skill development in real-life contexts.

Several key procedures support ABA goals. Prompting involves providing hints or cues to elicit correct responses, while chaining connects learned behaviors into sequences. Shaping reinforces successive approximations toward a target behavior, and fading gradually reduces prompts to foster independence. Extinction decreases undesired behaviors by withholding reinforcement.

Data collection and ongoing assessment are vital to ABA. They help professionals monitor progress, evaluate effectiveness, and make data-driven adjustments. Caregiver training ensures that interventions are consistent across environments, maximizing benefit.

Overall, ABA employs a flexible, individualized blend of these methods to support meaningful and lasting behavioral change, grounded in scientific evidence.

Historical Development and Evolution of ABA

How has ABA evolved since its inception?

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) has undergone extensive growth and refinement since its roots in the early 20th century. The discipline began with the pioneering work of B.F. Skinner, who established the principles of operant conditioning and introduced radical behaviorism. Skinner’s experiments, such as the famous 'Baby in a box' study in 1945, demonstrated how behavior could be influenced systematically by environmental variables.

Following Skinner, researchers like Paul Fueller expanded on operant principles through empirical research in the late 1940s, applying these concepts to practical scenarios. The formalization of ABA as a scientific discipline was reinforced by the founding of the Society for Experimental Analysis of Behavior in 1957, which fostered research through publications like the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior launched in 1958.

A major milestone came with Ivar Lovaas’s groundbreaking research from the 1960s onward. His work demonstrated that intensive behavioral interventions could produce profound improvements in children with autism. His studies, including the 1987 publication, showed that nearly half of the children receiving such therapy could achieve typical functioning levels, marking a significant shift in autism treatment.

Over the decades, ABA has transitioned from highly structured and repetitive procedures to incorporate more flexible, social, and developmental approaches. This includes the development of Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (NDBIs), which integrate best practices from ABA with a focus on natural reinforcement, child interests, and social engagement.

Today, ABA continues to evolve by emphasizing personalized, evidence-based practices that prioritize the well-being and participation of individuals. This progression reflects a move toward more holistic, child-centered strategies, underscoring the field's commitment to scientific rigor while respecting individual differences and societal values.

Theoretical and Scientific Principles Underpinning ABA

What is the theory behind ABA?

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is rooted in the scientific understanding of how behavior is learned and influenced by environmental factors. It builds on learning theories such as operant and respondent conditioning to explain and modify behavior effectively.

Operant and respondent conditioning

Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, explains how behaviors are influenced by their consequences. In this process, behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on reinforcement or punishment. Reinforcement, whether positive (adding a pleasant stimulus) or negative (removing an unpleasant stimulus), increases the likelihood of a behavior recurring. Respondent conditioning, described by Ivan Pavlov, involves involuntary reflexes. A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflexive response through pairing, which can influence behaviors automatically.

Behavior as a product of environmental variables

Behavior is viewed as a product of the environment and one’s interactions with it. Environmental stimuli, such as antecedents (events before behavior) and consequences (events after behavior), shape ongoing actions. By manipulating these variables, practitioners can increase desirable behaviors and decrease problematic ones.

The three-term contingency: antecedent, behavior, consequence

A central model in ABA is the three-term contingency: antecedent, behavior, and consequence. An antecedent triggers or signals the opportunity for a behavior. The behavior occurs, and then a consequence follows, which can reinforce or diminish the behavior. This model highlights the importance of understanding what comes before and after a behavior to effectively intervene.

Behaviorism and its philosophical foundations

Behaviorism, the philosophical foundation of ABA, emphasizes observable and measurable behaviors over internal mental states. Its focus is on how environment and learning principles can systematically change behavior. This perspective was championed by psychologists like John B. Watson, who rejected introspection, advocating instead for scientific study based on observable phenomena.

Determinism, empiricism, experimentation, and other scientific principles

The science of ABA relies on key scientific principles:

• Determinism: Behavior is viewed as lawful and predictable, influenced by environmental variables.
• Empiricism: Data collection through direct observation guides decisions.
• Experimentation: Controlled studies test the effects of specific interventions or variables.
• Parsimony: Simplest explanations are preferred; explanations should not be unnecessarily complex.
• Replicability: Interventions and findings should be reproducible in different settings. These principles ensure that ABA remains a rigorous, evidence-based discipline committed to understanding and effectively changing behavior.

The importance of these principles

These foundational concepts ensure ABA remains scientifically grounded, allowing for precise assessment and targeted intervention. They enable practitioners to predict, assess, and systematically modify behavior, leading to meaningful and lasting improvements in individuals’ lives.

By applying these principles across different settings, from clinical therapies to organizational management, ABA continues to demonstrate its flexibility and scientific robustness in promoting positive change.

Efficacy and Evidence Supporting ABA

Are there research studies demonstrating the effectiveness of ABA?

Since its inception in the 1960s, Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) has been extensively studied, with thousands of scientific experiments validating its principles and techniques. Landmark studies, such as the 1987 research by Ivar Lovaas, revealed that intensive ABA therapy could lead to remarkable improvements in children with autism, with nearly half of the children achieving functional levels comparable to their peers after two years of treatment.

Numerous peer-reviewed research articles have documented the positive impacts of ABA on various developmental domains. For example, systematic investigations show significant gains in communication, social skills, cognitive functioning, and daily living abilities in individuals receiving ABA interventions. These findings are supported by clinical trials and longitudinal studies that demonstrate sustained improvements over time.

How do systematic reviews and meta-analyses support ABA?

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses provide comprehensive evaluations of the vast body of research on ABA. These scholarly overviews synthesize data from multiple studies, assessing the consistency and reliability of outcomes. The National Standards Project and reports by organizations like the US Surgeon General have compiled evidence indicating that ABA is highly effective in increasing socially significant behaviors in children with autism.

Meta-analyses have found that early and intensive ABA interventions—often more than 20 hours per week—are associated with substantial improvements in language, cognition, and adaptive functioning. They also highlight that the earlier the intervention begins, the more pronounced the developmental gains tend to be.

What are the long-term outcomes for individuals, especially children with autism?

Long-term data from longitudinal studies underscore the benefits of sustained ABA services. For many children, early intensive ABA therapy results in notable shifts in developmental trajectories. These individuals often experience enhanced independence, improved communication skills, and better integration into community and educational settings.

Research by Lovaas and colleagues shows that children who received intensive ABA therapy during critical developmental periods are less likely to require special education services later in life. Moreover, many adults who underwent ABA interventions in childhood report increased ability to participate in daily activities and improved quality of life.

Which major health organizations endorse ABA as best practice?

Major health organizations worldwide endorse ABA as a leading evidence-based treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The US Surgeon General’s report classifies ABA as the most effective approach supported by scientific evidence.

Similarly, the American Psychological Association (APA) recognizes ABA as a gold-standard intervention due to its empirical support and systematic methodology. The Society for Behavioral Analysis and the Association for Science in Autism Treatment also advocate for ABA, emphasizing its role in delivering consistent, measurable, and personalized behavior change programs.

What does comprehensive data reveal about behavior change and skill acquisition?

Data accumulated over decades confirms that ABA techniques—such as positive reinforcement, task analysis, and functional behavior assessments—are effective for teaching new skills and reducing interfering behaviors. These data-driven strategies enable precise monitoring of progress, allowing practitioners to tailor interventions dynamically.

For example, progress tracking in ABA programs often involves detailed data collection on individual behaviors, which guides the ongoing modification of treatment plans. This rigorous approach ensures that improvements are systematically achieved and maintained.

Characteristics and Defining Features of ABA as a Science

What characteristics and defining features of ABA as a science?

The unique qualities of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) stem from its foundation as a scientific discipline. These are best summarized through its seven core dimensions: applied, behavioral, analytic, technological, conceptual, effective, and capable of generalization.

The 'applied' dimension signifies ABA’s focus on socially important behaviors that improve individuals’ lives and societal functioning. It commits to addressing real-world issues rather than solely theoretical exploration, aiming for tangible, positive outcomes.

'Behavioral' indicates that ABA strictly involves observable actions. This focus on measurable behaviors ensures that interventions are based on concrete data, enabling precise tracking of progress.

The 'analytic' component emphasizes demonstrating a functional relationship between interventions and behavioral changes. Through carefully controlled experiments, practitioners can establish that specific techniques reliably produce targeted behaviors.

'Technological' refers to the development of procedures that are clear, detailed, and reproducible. This clarity allows other practitioners to implement interventions consistently and accurately.

The 'conceptually systematic' aspect ensures that all interventions and procedures are grounded in behavioral principles. This theoretical coherence ensures consistency and scientific integrity in practice.

'Efficacious' or 'effective' highlights the importance of demonstrable improvements. ABA’s scientific approach requires evidence that interventions lead to meaningful behavioral change.

Lastly, 'generalization' denotes that learned behaviors are transferred across various environments, situations, and over time. This capacity ensures that skills are maintained and applicable beyond initial training settings.

Objectively defined behaviors and measurable outcomes

ABA emphasizes defining behaviors in clear, objective terms. Instead of vague descriptions, behaviors are specified in observable terms that anyone can measure. For example, replacing “being disruptive” with “hitting the table or shouting during a lesson” provides clarity. This objectivity allows for precise data collection, essential for evaluating progress.

Measurable outcomes in ABA include frequency, duration, intensity, and latency of behaviors. This systematic measurement enables practitioners to determine whether an intervention is successful and to what degree.

The importance of data-driven decision-making

Data collection is at the core of ABA practice. Every intervention is guided by ongoing data on the individual’s behavior. This data informs whether a technique should be continued, modified, or discarded.

Decisions based on data lead to more effective and personalized interventions. It also ensures accountability and scientific rigor, as progress is always grounded in empirical evidence.

Practitioners often use graphs, charts, and statistical analyses to visualize data. This visual representation helps in making timely adjustments, which enhances the likelihood of achieving desired behavioral outcomes.

In sum, the scientific nature of ABA is rooted in its strict adherence to observable, measurable behaviors, and its reliance on systematic, ongoing data collection for decision-making. These characteristics establish ABA as a robust, evidence-based approach that continuously advances through scientific inquiry and practical application.

Research-Based Approach and Rationales in ABA

What is the evidence-based practice of applied behavior analysis?

The evidence-based practice (EBP) of applied behavior analysis (ABA) is a structured decision-making framework that combines the best available scientific research with clinical expertise and individual client values. It ensures that interventions are tailored, effective, and supported by rigorous data.

In ABA, practitioners review systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and best practice guidelines to determine the most effective strategies. These evidence sources synthesize numerous studies, providing a clear picture of what interventions work best for specific behaviors or populations.

Interventions are then customized based on assessments like functional analysis, which identifies the environmental factors maintaining or triggering behaviors. This process helps develop precise, effective strategies aligned with the person’s unique needs and circumstances.

A fundamental component of EBP in ABA is ongoing progress monitoring. Data collection allows practitioners to track improvements and setbacks continuously. If a particular intervention does not produce expected results, treatment plans are promptly adapted based on the latest data.

Ultimately, this approach promotes high standards of care, transparency, and accountability. It supports effective treatment outcomes, especially for individuals with autism spectrum disorder, by integrating research findings with each person’s specific context and preferences.

Use of systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and best practice guidelines

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses compile multiple studies to evaluate the overall effectiveness of ABA techniques. They help identify which methods are most reliable and applicable across different settings.

Recognized organizations, such as the US Surgeon General and national autism treatment guidelines, endorse ABA based on a strong evidence base from these comprehensive reviews. Moreover, best practice guides provide detailed, evidence-backed procedures for implementing interventions, ensuring consistency and quality in therapy.

Tailoring interventions based on functional analysis and individual needs

Functional analysis (FA) is an essential tool that explains why a behavior occurs by examining the environmental variables influencing it. This assessment guides the development of targeted interventions that address the specific function of behaviors, such as gaining attention or avoiding tasks.

Interventions are then tailored to each individual’s strengths, preferences, and developmental level. For example, a child’s preferred reinforcers or communication style can be incorporated into the program, making learning engaging and meaningful.

The importance of progress data to inform and adapt treatment

Data collection is central to ABA’s scientific approach. Continuous monitoring of behavior and skill acquisition provides objective evidence of progress.

When data shows limited or no improvement, practitioners can modify strategies quickly, ensuring treatment remains effective. Conversely, data that indicates success supports continued use of current methods.

This data-driven adaptability ensures that intervention efforts are efficient, personalized, and capable of producing lasting behavioral change.

Impacts of ABA in Society and Individuals

How does ABA improve communication, socialization, academics, and daily living skills?

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) has a substantial impact on various skill areas crucial for personal development and independence. In communication, ABA techniques are used to teach functional language skills, encouraging individuals to express their needs, wants, and feelings effectively. Strategies like visual schedules, picture exchange communication systems (PECS), and modeling help foster these skills.

Social skills also benefit significantly, with interventions aimed at increasing interactions, initiating conversations, and understanding social cues. ABA programs often incorporate naturalistic methods—such as Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT)—that promote social engagement through child-led activities.

In academics, ABA supports skill acquisition across subjects by teaching foundational skills systematically and reinforcing progress. This includes literacy, numeracy, and organizational skills, often using discrete trial training (DTT) and task analysis.

Daily living skills, essential for independence, such as dressing, grooming, and household routines, are also developed through ABA. Programs are customized to mirror natural developmental sequences, gradually building competence.

How does ABA contribute to reducing problem behaviors like aggression and self-injury?

One of the main goals of ABA is to decrease behaviors that interfere with learning and quality of life. Problem behaviors such as aggression, self-injury, tantrums, and disruptive actions are addressed through functional behavior assessments (FBA). These assessments identify the environmental triggers and functions of behaviors—whether they serve to gain attention, escape demands, access sensory input, or obtain tangible rewards.

Interventions involve replacing harmful behaviors with appropriate, functional alternatives. Techniques like differential reinforcement, extinction, and skill-building are used to reduce problematic behaviors. For instance, teaching an individual appropriate ways to seek attention can decrease aggression or self-injury.

Importantly, modern ABA emphasizes positive reinforcement to encourage replacement behaviors rather than relying on punishment. This approach ensures interventions are humane, respectful, and effective.

In which fields is ABA applied?

ABA's versatile nature allows it to be utilized across many sectors beyond autism treatment. In education, teachers use ABA principles to manage classroom behavior, promote engagement, and reinforce learning.

In healthcare, ABA-guided strategies are employed in behavioral medicine for issues like substance abuse, eating disorders, and smoking cessation. In organizational settings, companies adopt ABA techniques to enhance employee performance, leadership, and customer service.

Animal training also benefits from ABA principles, utilizing reinforcement to shape desired behaviors in pets, service animals, and even zoo animals.

Additionally, ABA plays a role in community programs focused on health promotion and public safety, demonstrating its broad societal relevance.

What is the evidence supporting the efficacy of ABA?

Extensive scientific research substantiates ABA as an effective intervention. Studies, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, demonstrate that ABA approaches lead to meaningful, sustainable changes in behavior.

Research spanning over 60 years consistently shows improvements in cognition, language, social skills, and daily living abilities among individuals with autism and developmental disabilities. Early intensive interventions—particularly those beginning before age four—have been linked to substantial developmental gains, including reductions in the severity of autism symptoms and decreased reliance on long-term support.

Organizations such as the US Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association endorse ABA as an evidence-based best practice. Their guidelines emphasize the importance of individualized, data-driven programs that are scientifically validated.

The body of empirical literature includes numerous controlled studies demonstrating that reinforcement-based ABA strategies reduce problematic behaviors like aggression and self-injury while increasing functional and socially relevant skills.

Furthermore, advancements like naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions (NDBIs) incorporate natural settings and interests, improving generalization and overall outcomes.

Broader societal benefits and ongoing research

Beyond individual improvements, ABA has a broad societal impact. It supports educational inclusion, enhances employability, and promotes social integration for individuals with diverse needs.

While ongoing debates and criticisms exist—particularly regarding historical practices involving aversive techniques—modern ABA adheres to ethical standards, emphasizing positive, reinforcement-based methods.

Current research continues to refine ABA interventions, aiming for greater inclusivity, efficacy, and acceptance. Efforts also focus on bridging the gap between research findings and real-world application, ensuring that effective strategies benefit those who need them most.

In summary, the scientific validation of ABA underscores its status as a cornerstone in behavioral intervention. Its applications have demonstrated profound benefits in helping individuals develop essential skills, reduce harmful behaviors, and participate fully in society.

Ethics, Challenges, and Future Directions in ABA

Are ABA therapy practices scientifically proven?

Yes, ABA therapy is scientifically validated as an effective intervention, especially for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Rooted in the science of learning and behavior, ABA employs methods such as positive reinforcement, functional behavior assessments, and environmental modifications to promote desirable behaviors and diminish problematic ones.

Since its inception in the 1960s by pioneers such as Ivar Lovaas, extensive research has demonstrated its ability to foster improvements in intellectual functioning, language, social skills, and daily living activities. Major health organizations, including the US Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association, recognize ABA as an evidence-based best practice for autism treatment.

While the scientific basis of ABA is well established, the quality of implementation can vary. Ensuring that ABA services are delivered ethically, respecting the individual’s dignity and differences is crucial. Working with experienced, qualified practitioners helps maximize the benefits of ABA and adhere to its scientific principles.

Ethical principles, including reinforcement over punishment and avoiding harmful practices

Ethics play a central role in ABA practice. Modern ABA emphasizes using reinforcement strategies rather than punishment whenever possible, aligning with the best scientific and humane standards. Reinforcement involves rewarding desired behaviors to increase their occurrence, whereas punishment, which reduces behavior, is considered only when necessary and must be applied carefully to avoid harm.

Historically, some practices involved aversive techniques like electric shocks or verbal rebukes, which are now widely condemned. Today, the Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) explicitly recommends reinforcing positive behaviors and discouraging punitive methods. The focus is on creating respectful, supportive intervention plans that promote autonomy and well-being.

Criticisms from the neurodiversity movement and ethical debates

Despite proven effectiveness, ABA has faced criticism, primarily from parts of the neurodiversity movement. Critics argue that traditional ABA can be overly repetitive, focus on making autistic individuals appear neurotypical, and sometimes suppress natural behaviors that are part of an individual's identity.

There are ethical debates about whether certain approaches are respectful or can inadvertently cause distress or mask authentic identities. Concerns about reinforcement-based interventions potentially prioritizing societal acceptance over personal comfort are also raised.

In response, contemporary ABA practices increasingly incorporate person-centered, respectful, and holistic approaches. These emphasize understanding individual preferences, fostering participation, and promoting skills that enhance quality of life without aiming to change inherent identity traits.

Research limitations, conflicts of interest, and methodological issues

While ABA is supported by over 60 years of research, it faces ongoing challenges. The 'research-to-practice' gap remains a concern, with disparities between scientific findings and their application in everyday settings. Methodological limitations, such as small sample sizes, lack of control groups, and potential conflicts of interest—especially when research is funded by entities with commercial interests—can affect the perceived validity of some studies.

Additionally, some studies have been criticized for lacking long-term follow-up data or for not adequately measuring client-centered outcomes beyond skill acquisition.

Efforts are ongoing to improve research rigor, transparency, and independence. Emphasizing replication, systematic reviews, and adherence to standardized protocols help strengthen the evidence base.

The ongoing evolution toward more holistic, respectful, and person-centered ABA practices

Advancements in ABA now prioritize a more holistic and respectful approach. Modern practitioners often tailor interventions to individual interests, strengths, and cultural contexts, aiming for meaningful participation and joy.

Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions (NDBIs) are examples of less structured, more play-based approaches that incorporate natural reinforcement, child choice, and social engagement. These methods seek to support autonomy and reduce the perception of ABA as purely a compliance tool.

Furthermore, ethical frameworks now emphasize shared decision-making, respect for neurodiversity, and the importance of client and family values.

This ongoing shift aims to balance scientific rigor with compassion and respect, ensuring ABA remains a relevant and effective tool while honoring the dignity of every individual.

As the field advances, these trends foster an environment where ABA remains a dynamic, scientifically grounded, and ethically responsible discipline, better aligned with the needs and rights of individuals seeking support.

The Future of ABA: Scientific Rigor and Compassionate Practice

As a dynamic and continually evolving discipline, ABA embodies a scientific approach rooted in rigorous research and ethical practice. Its foundations in learning theory, its proven efficacy, and its flexibility across settings affirm its importance in behavioral science. Moving forward, ABA's future rests on integrating scientific innovation with compassionate, individualized care—ensuring that its impact remains ethically sound, socially relevant, and capable of enhancing lives across diverse populations. The ongoing commitment to evidence-based practice and ethical refinement promises a more inclusive, respectful, and effective application of ABA’s powerful principles.

References

• Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) | Autism Speaks
• ABOUT BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS - BACB
• The Evidence-Based Practice of Applied Behavior Analysis - PMC
• The Facts Behind Behavioral Analysis - Autism Science Foundation
• Applied Behavior Analysis is a Science and, Therefore, Progressive
• Applied behavior analysis - Wikipedia
• Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) - Cleveland Clinic
• What is Applied Behavior Analysis: Definition and Scientific ...
• A Treatment Summary of Applied Behavior Analysis